Pmp Project Management
Pmp Project Management
Quality Management Facts The cost of quality is the money spent investing in training; in meeting requirements for safety and other laws and regulations; and in taking steps to ensure quality acceptance. The cost of nonconformance is the cost associated with rework downtime lost sales and waste of materials. Some common quality management charts and methods include the following: Ishikawa diagrams are also called fishbone diagrams are used to find causeandeffects that contribute to a problem. Flow charts show the relationship between components and the flow of a process through a system. Pareto diagrams identify project problems and their frequencies. These are based on the 80/20 Rule: 80 percent of project problems stem from 20 percent of the work. Control charts plot out the result of samplings to determine if projects are ‘in control’ or ‘out of control.’
Kaizen technologies comprise approaches to make small improvements in an effort to reduce costs and achieve consistency. Justintime ordering reduces the cost of inventory but requires additional quality because materials would not be readily available if mistakes occur. Human Resource Facts There are several human resource theories the PMP candidate should be familiar with on the PMP Exam. They are the following: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs There are five layers of needs for all humans: physiological safety social needs such as love and friendship selfesteem and the crowning jewel selfactualization. Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation There are two catalysts for workers: hygiene agents and motivating agents. Hygiene agents These do nothing to motivate but their absence demotivates workers. Hygiene agents are the expectations all workers have: job security a paycheck clean and safe working conditions a sense of belonging civil working relationships and other basic attributes associated with employment.
Motivating agents These are the elements that motivate people to excel. They include responsibility appreciation of work recognition opportunity to excel education and other opportunities associated with work other than just financial rewards. McGregory’s Theory of X and Y This theory states ‘X’ people are lazy don’t want to work and need to be micromanaged. ‘Y’ people are selfled motivated and can accomplish things on their own. Ouchi’s Theory Z This theory holds that the workers are motivated by a sense of commitment opportunity and advancement. Workers will work if they are challenged and motivated. Think participative management. Expectancy Theory People will behave based on what they expect as a result of their behavior. In other words people will work in relation to the expected reward of the work.
Communication Facts Communicating is the most important skill for the project manager. With that in mind here are some key facts on communications: Communication channels formula: NN1/2. N represents the number of stakeholders. For example if you have 10 stakeholders the formula would read 10101/2 for 45 communication channels. Pay special attention to questions wanting to know how many additional communication channels you have based on added stakeholders. For example if you have 25 stakeholders on your project and have recently added 5 team members how many additional communication channels do you now have? You’ll have to calculate the original number of communication channels 25251/2=300; then calculate the new number with the added team members 30301/2=435; and finally subtract the difference between the two: 435300=135 the number of additional communication channels. 55 percent of communication is nonverbal. Effective listening is the ability to watch the speaker’s body language interpret paralingual clues and decipher facial expressions. Following the message effective listening has the listener asking questions to achieve clarity and offering feedback. Active listening requires receivers of the message to offer clues such as nodding the head to indicate they are listening. It also requires receivers to repeat the message ask questions and continue the discussion if clarification is needed.
Communication can be hindered by trendy phrases jargon and extremely pessimistic comments. In addition other communication barriers include noise hostility cultural differences and technical interruptions. Risk Management Facts Risks are unplanned events that can have positive or negative effects on the projects. Most risks are seen as threats to the project successbut not all risks are bad. For example there is a 20 percent probability that the project will realize a discount in shipping which will save the project 15000. If this risk happens the project will save money if the risk doesn’t happen the project will have to spend the 15000. Risks should be identified as early as possible in the planning process. A person’s willingness to accept risk is the Utility Function also called the Utility Theory. The Delphi Technique can be used to build consensus on project risks. The only output of the risk planning is the Risk Management Plan. There are two broad types of risks: Business risk The loss of time and finances where a downside and upside exist. Pure risk The loss of life injury and theft where only a downside exists.
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